The Risks of Developing an Artificial Naval Mind

Scholars have developed ways of thinking about the differences in how learners engage with a subject. The ICAP framework categorizes student learning as interactive, constructive, active, or passive. Research indicates the strongest learning—in terms of both content recall and conceptual understanding—comes from the interactive and constructive types, in which learners must generate their own ideas and make complex and multilevel connections. For example, a project for which a student is required to do research—finding and reading sources then determining an argument based on them—is both interactive (with the sources) and constructive (developing and communicating an argument).1Studies examining how students employ...