Regarding the so-called "good thief" of Lk. 23 (the Greek means malefactor), was thievery sometimes a capital crime [+] How else were Roman citizens treated vs. provincial subjects (taxes, rights, etc,)

The "good thief" of Luke 23 was not executed for simple thievery. In the context of first-century Roman Judea, simple theft was never a capital offense. [1, 2] To understand why he was crucified, it is necessary to look at the specific language of the Gospels and the nature of Roman provincial law. [2, 3] The Greek Terminology: Beyond Simple TheftWhile Luke 23:32 uses the general plural noun kakourgoi (κακοῦργοι), which translates to "criminals," "evildoers," or "malefactors," the parallel accounts in Matthew 27:38 and Mark 15:27 use a much more specific word: lēstai (λῃσταί). [4, 5] What it does not...